Background and Purpose
Individuals can be grouped based on their motivational similarities. Using the six dimensions of motivation (intrinsic, integrated, identified, introjected, external and amotivation), this study explored (1) the motivational profiles of physical activity that are present among residents of the USA; (2) assessed the stability of and movement between motivational profiles over a three-month period; (3) compared differences across these profiles in terms of physical activity and satisfaction with life; and (4) explained how the exercise environment, community environment, and sociodemographics are associated with favorable motivational trajectories. Data from 305 participants were collected at three time points.
Main Findings and Implications
There were three distinct profiles present in the study sample, a low in motivation profile, a self-determined motivational profile and an ambivalent motivational profile. First, individuals in the low in motivation profile exhibited low levels of motivation for physical activity. Staying in this profile was negatively associated with being active with others, as part of a team, or with an instructor. Also, it was associated with lower perceived restorativeness of the physical activity environment, fewer physical activity opportunities, and less community support.
Second, individuals in the self-determined profile showed high levels of autonomous motivation (intrinsic, integrated, and identified motivation) for physical activity. Staying in the profile was positively correlated with the restorativeness of the physical activity environment and availability of physical activity opportunities. However, it was negatively correlated with being active with others, as part of a team, or with an instructor. This suggests that while individuals in this profile have high intrinsic motivation, they might prefer solitary physical activity settings.
Third, individuals in the ambivalent motivation profile reported high levels of all types of motivation, including autonomous and controlled forms. Individuals in this profile exhibited positive associations with all examined environmental and community factors, including the restorativeness of the exercise environment, physical activity opportunities, and community support. This indicates that despite experiencing a mix of motivational types, individuals in this profile benefit from supportive environmental and community contexts.
The findings on sociodemographic characteristics of the people who transitioned to, returned to, or remained in motivationally positive profiles (self-determined or ambivalent profile) reflect broader trends in physical activity inequities among North American residents. Highlighting how sociodemographic factors can intersect with motivational dynamics. The higher prevalence of the low in motivation profile among those at risk for low physical activity underscores the need for targeted interventions. This is particularly important as the world becomes increasingly efficient, for example, with the use of automated vehicles and the associated public health concerns.
Contact
Chair of Sport and Health Management
Prof. Dr. Jörg Königstorfer
Uptown München Campus D
Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60/62
80992 Munich
Phone +49.89.289.24559
Fax +49.89.289.24642
info.mgt@mh.tum.de